Modern Spanish Grammar: A Practical Guide,9780415273039

Modern Spanish Grammar: A Practical Guide

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Edition: 2nd
ISBN13: 9780415273039
ISBN10: 041527303X
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2003-09-30
Publisher(s): Routledge
List Price: $170.00

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Summary

This new edition of the Modern Spanish Grammar: A Practical Guide is an innovative reference guide to Spanish, combining traditional and function-based grammar in a single volume. The Grammar is divided into two parts. Part A covers traditional grammatical categories such as word order, nouns, verbs and adjectives. Part B is carefully organized around language functions and notions such as: * Giving and seeking information * Putting actions into context * Expressing likes, dislikes and preferences With a strong emphasis on contemporary usage, all grammar points and functions are richly illustrated with examples. Implementing feedback from users of the first edition of the grammar, this second edition now features: * More functional items * Clearer explanations and more accessible descriptors * Greater emphasis on areas of particular difficulty for learners of Spanish, such as tense usage, ser and estar and the reflective. This is the ideal reference grammar for learners ofSpanish at all levels, from elementary to advanced. No prior knowledge of grammatical terminology is assumed and a glossary of grammatical terms is provided.

Table of Contents

Introduction xvii
Glossary xix
Part A Structures
1 Pronunciation and spelling
3(8)
1.1 The Spanish alphabet
3(3)
1.2 Diphthongs
6(1)
1.3 Syllabification
6(1)
1.4 Sinalefa
7(1)
1.5 The written stress accent
7(2)
1.6 Punctuation
9(1)
1.7 Capital letters
10(1)
2 Gender and gender agreements
11(5)
2.1 Masculine and feminine
11(1)
2.2 Plural
11(1)
2.3 General rules for gender
12(1)
2.4 Words which are both masculine and feminine
12(1)
2.5 Nouns which vary in gender
12(1)
2.6 Agreement classes of adjectives
13(1)
2.7 The neuter
14(1)
2.8 Lo
15(1)
3 Plurals and number agreement
16(3)
3.1 Plural forms
16(1)
3.2 Number agreement
17(2)
4 The articles
19(5)
4.1 Definite article
19(1)
4.2 Principal differences between the use of the definite article in Spanish and English
20(1)
4.3 Definite article + que and de
21(1)
4.4 The indefinite article
22(1)
4.5 Principal differences between the use of the indefinite article in Spanish and English
22(1)
4.6 Use of the plural unos, unas
23(1)
5 Adjectives
24(4)
5.1 Shortening of adjectives
24(1)
5.2 Adjective position
25(2)
5.3 Adjectives used as nouns
27(1)
5.4 Adjectives used as adverbs
27(1)
6 Comparative forms of adjectives and adverbs
28(2)
6.1 Lack of distinction between 'more...' and 'most...'
28(1)
6.2 Syntax of comparative constructions
29(1)
7 Numbers
30(4)
7.1 Cardinal numbers
30(1)
7.2 Ordinal numbers
31(1)
7.3 Expressions involving numbers
32(2)
8 Personal pronouns
34(6)
8.1 Subject pronouns
34(2)
8.2 Object pronouns
36(3)
8.3 Reduplicated pronoun structures
39(1)
9 Demonstratives
40(2)
9.1 Forms
40(1)
9.2 Order
40(1)
9.3 Usage
41(1)
10 Possessives
42(3)
10.1 Forms
42(1)
10.2 Usage
43(2)
11 Relative pronouns
45(3)
11.1 Que
45(1)
11.2 El que/el cual, etc.
45(1)
11.3 Quien(es)
46(1)
11.4 Cuyo (adj.)
47(1)
12 Interrogative and exclamatory forms
48(4)
12.1 ¿Como?/¡Como!
48(1)
12.2 ¿Cuál? and ¿Qué?/¡Qué!
49(1)
12.3 ¿Cuándo?
50(1)
12.4 ¿Cuánto?/¡Cuánto!
50(1)
12.5 ¿Dónde?/¿Adónde?
50(1)
12.6 ¿Para qué?/¿Por qué?
50(1)
12.7 ¿Qué tal?
51(1)
12.8 ¿Quién(es)?
51(1)
12.9 ¿Verdad?, ¿no?
51(1)
13 Indefinite and negative pronouns and adjectives
52(3)
13.1 Alguno and ninguno
52(1)
13.2 Alguien and nadie
52(1)
13.3 Uno
53(1)
13.4 Algo and nada
53(1)
13.5 Cualquiera
53(1)
13.6 Quienquiera
54(1)
13.7 Todo
54(1)
14 Adverbs
55(2)
14.1 Formation of adverbs in -mente
55(1)
14.2 Other adverbs
56(1)
15 Negation
57(2)
15.1 No
57(1)
15.2 Negative element following the verb
57(1)
15.3 Expressions requiring a negative
58(1)
15.4 No... sino...
58(1)
15.5 Negation of adjectives
58(1)
15.6 Negative questions
58(1)
16 Verb forms
59(13)
16.1 The overall pattern
59(13)
17 Use of the verb forms
72(11)
17.1 Present
72(1)
17.2 Perfect
73(1)
17.3 Imperfect
74(1)
17.4 Preterite
75(1)
17.5 Future
76(1)
17.6 Future perfect
77(1)
17.7 Conditional
77(1)
17.8 Conditional perfect
78(1)
17.9 Pluperfect
78(1)
17.10 Past anterior
79(1)
17.11 Infinitive
79(1)
17.12 Gerund
80(1)
17.13 Imperative
81(2)
18 Use of the subjunctive
83(10)
18.1 The subjunctive in complements of verbs and verbal expressions
83(3)
18.2 The subjunctive after conjunctions
86(5)
18.3 The subjunctive in main clauses
91(2)
19 Sequence of tense
93(3)
19.1 In reported (indirect) speech
93(2)
19.2 Constructions involving the subjunctive
95(1)
20 Other forms of the verb and their uses
96(3)
20.1 Estar + gerund
96(1)
20.2 Ir a + infinitive
97(1)
20.3 Llevar + gerund
97(1)
20.4 Acabar de + infinitive
98(1)
20.5 Ir + gerund
98(1)
20.6 Venir + gerund
98(1)
20.7 Tener + past participle
98(1)
21 Modal auxiliary verbs and expressions
99(4)
21.1 Poder
99(1)
21.2 Deber (de)
100(1)
21.3 Saber
101(1)
21.4 Querer
101(1)
21.5 Tener que
102(1)
21.6 Haber de
102(1)
21.7 Haber que
102(1)
22 Ser and estar
103(5)
22.1 Ser
103(2)
22.2 Estar
105(3)
23 The reflexive
108(4)
23.1 Literal reflexive
108(1)
23.2 Reflexives with a conventionalized meaning
108(1)
23.3 Reciprocal reflexives
108(1)
23.4 Inherently reflexive verbs
109(1)
23.5 The reflexive corresponding to an English intransitive
109(1)
23.6 Reflexive verbs with prepositional objects
109(1)
23.7 The intensifying reflexive
110(1)
23.8 The impersonal reflexive
111(1)
23.9 The passive reflexive
111(1)
24 The passive
112(4)
24.1 Ser + past participle
112(1)
24.2 Estar+ past participle
113(1)
24.3 The passive reflexive
113(1)
24.4 Use of indefinite subjects
114(1)
24.5 Bringing the object to the front of the sentence
115(1)
25 Prepositions
116(15)
25.1 Basic use of prepositions
116(13)
25.2 Groups of prepositions
129(2)
26 Complementation
131(10)
26.1 Sentence complementation
131(1)
26.2 Infinitive complementation
132(8)
26.3 Gerund complementation
140(1)
27 Conjunctions
141(4)
27.1 Coordinating conjunctions
141(1)
27.2 Subordinating conjunctions
142(3)
28 Word order
145(8)
28.1 Statements
145(1)
28.2 Questions
146(7)
PART B Functions
I Social contacts and communication strategies
29 Making social contacts
153(17)
29.1 Greeting someone
153(1)
29.2 Conveying greetings
154(1)
29.3 Asking people how they are
155(1)
29.4 Introducing yourself and others
156(1)
29.5 Taking leave
157(2)
29.6 Expressing wishes
159(1)
29.7 Congratulating someone
160(1)
29.8 Using the phone
161(4)
29.9 Writing letters
165(5)
30 Basic strategies for communication
170(15)
30.1 Attracting someone's attention and responding to a call for attention
170(1)
30.2 Starting up a conversation
171(1)
30.3 Requesting repetition and responding
172(1)
30.4 Making sure you understand and are understood
173(2)
30.5 Signalling that one understands the speaker
175(1)
30.6 Asking how to pronounce or spell a word
175(1)
30.7 Interrupting a speaker
175(1)
30.8 Using fillers
176(1)
30.9 Changing the subject
177(1)
30.10 Formal development of a topic
178(7)
II Giving and seeking factual information
31 Asking questions and responding
185(6)
31.1 Questions requiring a yes or no answer
185(2)
31.2 Questions seeking partial information
187(1)
31.3 Polite and indirect questions
187(1)
31.4 Negative questions
188(1)
31.5 Responding to a question with another question
188(1)
31.6 Responding to a yes or no question
189(2)
32 Negating
191(5)
32.1 No + verb/auxiliary
191(1)
32.2 Limiting the scope of negation
192(1)
32.3 Negating adjectives and nouns
192(1)
32.4 Other ways of expressing negation
193(3)
33 Reporting
196(8)
33.1 Direct and indirect speech
196(1)
33.2 Indirect speech
196(2)
33.3 Reporting statements
198(2)
33.4 Reporting questions
200(1)
33.5 Reporting yes and no answers
201(1)
33.6 Reporting commands and requests
201(3)
34 Asking and giving personal information
204(6)
34.1 Name
204(1)
34.2 Nationality and place of origin
205(1)
34.3 Marital status
206(1)
34.4 Age
207(1)
34.5 Date and place of birth
207(1)
34.6 Occupation, status or rank, religion and political affiliation
208(2)
35 Identifying people, places and things
210(2)
35.1 Identifying oneself and others
210(1)
35.2 Identifying places
211(1)
35.3 Identifying things
211(1)
36 Describing
212(7)
36.1 Referring to a subject's nature or identity
212(2)
36.2 Enquiring about a subject's nature or identity
214(1)
36.3 Describing a state or condition
215(1)
36.4 Descriptions involving an unspoken comparison
215(1)
36.5 Asking and saying what something is made of
216(1)
36.6 Describing events
216(1)
36.7 Describing facts or information
217(1)
36.8 Describing social manners
217(1)
36.9 Describing the weather
217(2)
37 Making comparisons
219(7)
37.1 Comparisons of inequality
219(3)
37.2 Comparisons of equality
222(2)
37.3 Comparing more than two objects
224(2)
38 Expressing existence and availability
226(4)
38.1 Asking and answering questions regarding existence
226(2)
38.2 Describing facilities
228(1)
38.3 Expressing availability
228(2)
39 Expressing location and distance
230(7)
39.1 Expressing location
230(2)
39.2 Asking and saying where an event will take or took place
232(1)
39.3 Indicating precise location
232(3)
39.4 Indicating distance
235(2)
40 Expressing possessive relations
237(5)
40.1 Expressing ownership and possession
237(2)
40.2 Emphasizing possessive relations
239(1)
40.3 Expressing possessive relations involving parts of the body and personal effects
240(1)
40.4 Asking whose something is
240(1)
40.5 Other ways of expressing possession
241(1)
41 Expressing changes
242(5)
41.1 Talking about temporary changes
242(1)
41.2 Talking about long-lasting changes
243(1)
41.3 Talking about changes resulting from a natural process
244(1)
41.4 Talking about the result of a process of change
244(1)
41.5 Talking about changes caused by an action
245(1)
41.6 Other ways of expressing change
246(1)
42 Describing processes and results
247(6)
42.1 Describing processes
247(3)
42.2 Describing results
250(3)
43 Expressing cause, effect and purpose
253(10)
43.1 Enquiring about cause
253(1)
43.2 Giving reasons and expressing relationships of cause and effect
254(2)
43.3 Other ways of expressing relationships of cause and effect
256(1)
43.4 Enquiring about purpose
257(1)
43.5 Expressing purpose
258(5)
III Putting events into a wider context
44 Expressing knowledge
263(3)
44.1 Expressing knowledge of a fact
263(1)
44.2 Saying that one knows a person, a place or an object
264(1)
44.3 Expressing knowledge of a subject or a skill
264(1)
44.4 Getting to know, become acquainted with or meeting someone
264(1)
44.5 Learning or finding out about something
265(1)
45 Remembering and forgetting
266(6)
45.1 Saying whether one remembers something or someone
266(2)
45.2 Asking people whether they remember something or someone
268(2)
45.3 Saying that one has forgotten something or someone
270(1)
45.4 Enquiring whether someone has forgotten something or someone
271(1)
46 Expressing obligation and duty
272(4)
46.1 Expressing obligation and duty with regard to oneself and others
272(2)
46.2 Enquiring whether one is obliged to do something
274(1)
46.3 Expressing obligation in an impersonal way
274(1)
46.4 Other ways of expressing obligation and duty
274(2)
47 Expressing needs
276(6)
47.1 Expressing needs with regard to oneself and others
276(2)
47.2 Asking people about their needs
278(1)
47.3 Expressing needs in an impersonal way
279(2)
47.4 Expressing strong need
281(1)
48 Expressing possibility and probability
282(9)
48.1 Saying whether something is considered possible or impossible
282(7)
48.2 Enquiring whether something is considered possible or impossible
289(2)
49 Expressing certainty and uncertainty
291(5)
49.1 Saying how certain one is of something
291(3)
49.2 Enquiring about certainty or uncertainty
294(2)
50 Expressing supposition
296(3)
50.1 Common expressions of supposition
296(3)
51 Expressing conditions
299(7)
51.1 Open conditions
299(2)
51.2 Unfulfilled conditions
301(1)
51.3 Other conditional expressions
302(4)
52 Expressing contrast or opposition
306(5)
52.1 Common expressions of contrast or opposition
306(5)
53 Expressing capability and incapability
311(3)
53.1 Enquiring and making statements about capability or incapability
311(1)
53.2 Enquiring and making statements about learned abilities
312(2)
54 Seeking and giving permission
314(5)
54.1 Seeking permission
314(3)
54.2 Giving permission
317(1)
54.3 Stating that permission is withheld
318(1)
55 Asking and giving opinions
319(8)
55.1 Asking someone's opinion
319(2)
55.2 Expressing opinions
321(4)
55.3 Enquiring about other people's opinions
325(1)
55.4 Reporting on other people's opinions
325(2)
56 Expressing agreement, disagreement and indifference
327(6)
56.1 Expressing agreement
327(1)
56.2 Expressing disagreement
328(1)
56.3 Asking about agreement and disagreement
329(1)
56.4 Expressing indifference
330(3)
IV Expressing emotional attitudes
57 Expressing desires and preferences
333(7)
57.1 Expressing desires
333(3)
57.2 Enquiring about desires
336(1)
57.3 Expressing preferences and enquiring about preferences
336(2)
57.4 Expressing desires and preferences involving others
338(2)
58 Expressing likes and dislikes
340(6)
58.1 How to say you like or dislike something or someone
340(2)
58.2 Enquiring about likes and dislikes
342(1)
58.3 Other ways of expressing likes and dislikes
343(3)
59 Expressing surprise
346(3)
59.1 Set expressions
346(1)
59.2 Expressing surprise with regard to someone or something
347(2)
60 Expressing satisfaction and dissatisfaction
349(3)
60.1 Expressing satisfaction
349(1)
60.2 Expressing dissatisfaction
350(1)
60.3 Enquiring about satisfaction and dissatisfaction
351(1)
61 Expressing approval and disapproval
352(3)
61.1 Expressing approval
352(1)
61.2 Expressing disapproval
353(1)
61.3 Enquiring about approval and disapproval
353(2)
62 Expressing hope
355(3)
62.1 Saying what one hopes or others hope to do
355(1)
62.2 Expressing hope with regard to others
355(1)
62.3 Expressing hope in reply to a question or as a statement
356(2)
63 Expressing sympathy
358(4)
63.1 Saying one is sorry about something
358(2)
63.2 Saying one is glad about something
360(2)
64 Apologizing and expressing forgiveness
362(3)
64.1 Apologizing
362(2)
64.2 Expressing forgiveness
364(1)
65 Expressing fear or worry
365(5)
65.1 Common expressions of fear
365(4)
65.2 Other ways of expressing fear
369(1)
66 Expressing gratitude
370(5)
66.1 Expressing gratitude
370(2)
66.2 Responding to an expression of gratitude
372(3)
V The language of persuasion
67 Giving advice and making suggestions
375(6)
67.1 Giving advice and making suggestions not involving the speaker
375(3)
67.2 Suggesting a course of action involving the speaker
378(1)
67.3 Asking for advice and suggestions
379(2)
68 Making requests
381(4)
68.1 Common expressions of request
381(4)
69 Giving directions, instructions and orders
385(5)
69.1 Giving directions
385(2)
69.2 Giving instructions
387(1)
69.3 Giving orders
388(2)
70 Making an offer or invitation and accepting or declining
390(9)
70.1 Making an offer or invitation
390(4)
70.2 Accepting or declining an offer or invitation
394(1)
70.3 Enquiring whether an invitation is accepted or declined
394(5)
VI Expressing temporal relations
71 Talking about the present
399(9)
71.1 Describing present states or conditions
399(1)
71.2 Giving information about facts which are generally true or true in the present
399(1)
71.3 Referring to events which are in the present but not in progress
400(1)
71.4 Expressing timeless ideas or emotions
400(1)
71.5 Referring to events taking place in the present
400(1)
71.6 Talking about permanent and habitual actions
401(2)
71.7 Saying how long one has been doing something
403(3)
71.8 Expressing possibility, probability or uncertainty with regard to something in the present
406(2)
72 Talking about the future
408(7)
72.1 Expressing plans and intentions
408(3)
72.2 Referring to the immediate future
411(1)
72.3 Referring to future events
412(1)
72.4 Expressing promises
413(1)
72.5 Expressing possibility, probability or uncertainty with regard to something in the future
413(2)
73 Talking about the past
415(11)
73.1 Referring to past events related to the present or the recent past
415(1)
73.2 Referring to a prolonged action which began in the past and is still in progress
416(1)
73.3 Referring to the immediate past
417(1)
73.4 Referring to events which are past and complete
418(1)
73.5 Saying how long ago something happened
419(1)
73.6 Talking about long-lasting past events
419(1)
73.7 Talking about actions which were completed before another past event took place
420(1)
73.8 Describing past states or actions in progress over an unspecified period of time
420(1)
73.9 Talking about past habitual actions
421(1)
73.10 Talking about actions which were taking place when something else happened
422(1)
73.11 Describing past events which occurred before another past event or situation
423(1)
73.12 Expressing possibility, probability or uncertainty with regard to something in the past
423(3)
Appendix: Table of common irregular verbs 426(6)
Bibliography 432(1)
Index of words and topics 433

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